Resumo O presente trabalho avaliou o efeito da adubação convencional para o maracujazeiro, adubação orgânica convencional, adubação orgânica enriquecida com biotita xisto, adubação convencional com substituição da fonte potássica e somente adubação química, na nutrição mineral da planta, na produção, nas características físico-químicas e na vida útil dos frutos de P. cincinnata cultivar BRS Sertão Forte, armazenados sob condição ambiente e refrigerada. Determinaram-se os nutrientes minerais do solo e das folhas, o número e a massa total de frutos, o pH, os sólidos solúveis, a acidez titulável, Ratio, a coloração, a textura e a perda de massa. As adubações diferiram quanto à absorção de nutrientes associados à síntese de proteínas (N, S, B, Cu, Mn e Zn), especialmente onde o remineralizador foi aplicado. Os tratamentos sem adubação e o com adubação orgânica enriquecida com remineralizador de solos biotita xisto também influenciaram positivamente nas propriedades físico-químicas de coloração e de textura dos frutos. Os frutos armazenados sob condição refrigerada apresentaram os melhores resultados de conservação de suas características qualitativas. Nas condições do presente trabalho, pode-se afirmar que a vida útil pós-colheita dos frutos de P. cincinnata armazenados sob refrigeração a 10ºC, é de, no mínimo, 60 dias. Em condição ambiente, este período é de, no máximo, 30 dias.

Abstract The present study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics and shelf life of P. cincinnata BRS Sertão Forte fruits produced with conventional fertilization recommended for passion fruit, conventional organic fertilization, organic fertilization enriched with biotite schist, conventional fertilization with replacement of the potassium source and chemical fertilization only and the mineral nutrition of plants stored under ambient and refrigerated conditions. Analyses of pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity, ratio, color, texture and mass loss were performed. Fertilizers differed in terms of nutrient absorption associated with protein synthesis (N, S, B, Cu, Mn, Zn), especially where soil remineralizer was applied. Treatments without fertilization and that with organic fertilization enriched with biotite schist soil remineralizer also positively influenced fruit physicochemical properties such as color and texture. Fruits stored under refrigeration conditions showed the best results for the conservation of their qualitative characteristics. Under the conditions of the present study, it could be concluded that the postharvest life of P. cincinnata fruits stored under refrigeration at 100C is at least 60 days. This period is 30 days under ambient conditions.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a solubilidade do pó da rocha biotita xisto por diferentes métodos, bem como a potencial toxicidade/acumulação dos seus metais no peixe dulciaquícola D anio re r io. A solubilidade foi testada em água ultrapura e em solução de CaCl2 (10 mmol L-1). Analisou-se a presença de metais por espectrometria de emissão óptica por plasma acoplado indutivamente. Os peixes foram separados em diferentes grupos e expostos ao pó da biotita xisto. A solubilidade dos elementos tóxicos na água não é letal, e, 30 dias após o término da exposição, não há acumulação de metais nos peixes.

Abstract The objective of this work was to determine the solubility of biotite schist rock powder by different methods, as well as the potential toxicity/accumulation of its metals in Danio rerio freshwater fish. Solubility was tested in ultrapure water and in CaCl2 solution (10 mmol L-1). Metal contents were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Fish were separated into different groups and then exposed to biotite schist powder. The solubility of toxic elements in water is not lethal, and, 30 days after the end of exposure, there is no accumulation of metals in the fish.

ABSTRACT Alternatives to enhance the consensual low phosphorus (P) use efficiency of agriculture may include use of phosphate rock (PR) and plant species with unequal ability to get soil and rock P interplanted in cropping systems to allow plants with higher ability to facilitate access to P of plants with lower ability. This study investigated (i) the maize and three soil cover crops on their capacity to acquire P from PR and (ii) measured P acquisition of maize interplanted with the soil cover crop with the highest capacity to acquire P shown in (i). Experiments were carried out in a greenhouse, with plants grown in single and mixed cropping in pots containing a sandy, low–P soil amended with Monocalcium Phosphate (McP) or the Brazilian PR Itafós. Plant biomass production with PR, in relation to McP, was 83.7 % for buckwheat, 83.6 % for forage radish, 51.8 % for maize, and 0.3 % for pigeon pea. Buckwheat showed capacity of acquiring P from PR; nevertheless, it did not increase growth or P nutrition of maize interplanted in the soil amended with PR, showing no significant P facilitation. The soil amended with McP showed competition between the two plants in the pots. Maize had a greater growth in mixed than in single cropping and this occurred at the expenses of buckwheat. Despite the P mobilization potential of buckwheat, its simple interplanting with maize did not produce positive results.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho dos agrominerais termopotássio e termofosfato, como fontes de P e K, em consórcio de pastagem orgânica de Urochloa brizantha 'Marandu' + Stylosanthes spp. no Cerrado brasileiro. O manejo orgânico foi comparado ao convencional com uso de fertilizantes químicos, durante três anos, em dois experimentos adjacentes, um com e outro sem cultivo prévio de adubo verde (Crotalaria juncea). Os tratamentos de manejo foram: convencional, com aplicação de 200 kg ha-1 de cloreto de potássio, 260 kg ha-1 de superfosfato triplo e 217 kg ha-1 de ureia; orgânico, com aplicação de 1,0 Mg ha-1 termopotássio, 2,0 Mg ha-1 termofosfato e 7,0 Mg ha-1 cama de frango; e controle, sem adubação. Foram avaliadas fertilidade do solo, produção de matéria seca e contribuição da leguminosa na pastagem. O experimento com adubação verde proporcionou aumento significativo nos teores de P e K extraíveis do solo e na produtividade da pastagem. No tratamento orgânico, devido à liberação lenta dos nutrientes dos agrominerais, são observados efeitos de longo prazo nos teores extraíveis de P e K do solo.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of the thermopotassium and thermophosphate agrominerals, as sources of P and K, in an organic pasture consortium of 'Marandu' Urochloa brizantha + Stylosanthes spp. in the Brazilian Cerrado. The organic management was compared with conventional farming using chemical fertilizers, during three years, in two adjacent experiments, one with and the other without previous growth of green manure (Crotalaria juncea). The management treatments were: conventional, with the application of 200 kg ha-1 potassium chloride, 260 kg ha-1 triple superphosphate, and 217 kg ha-1 urea; organic, with the application of 1.0 Mg ha-1 thermophosphate, 2.0 Mg ha-1 termopotassium, and 7.0 Mg ha-1 chicken manure; and control, without fertilizers. Soil fertility, dry mass production, and legume content in the pasture were evaluated. The experiment with green manure resulted in a significant increase in the soil-extractable contents of P and K and in pasture productivity. In the organic treatment, due to the slow release of agromineral nutrients, long-term effects are observed on the soil-extractable contents of P and K.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a solubilidade dos micronutrientes cobre, níquel e zinco, extraídos quimicamente de agrominerais silicáticos, como fonte alternativa de potássio para as culturas de alface (Lactuca sativa) e arroz (Oryza sativa), bem como sua disponibilidade para as plantas. Avaliaram-se os teores de micronutrientes de cinco agrominerais (ultramáfica alcalina, biotita xisto, brecha vulcânica, flogopita xisto e subproduto de mineração de Chapada), após extração pelos métodos ácido cítrico, ácido clorídrico, ácido dietilenotriamino penta-acético, 3051A, citrato neutro de amônio e Mehlich 3. Os agrominerais, nas doses de 0 (controle), 200, 400 e 600 kg ha-1 de K, foram misturados em solo com cultivo de alface e arroz. Os agrominerais apresentaram baixa solubilidade de Ni, Cu e Zn, com menores teores em folhas de alface e grãos de arroz que o padrão solúvel correspondente na forma de sulfato. A disponibilidade de micronutrientes para as plantas aumentou com uso dos agrominerais, em comparação ao controle. Foram observadas similaridades na solubilidade e na disponibilidade de micronutrientes entre os diferentes grupos de agrominerais. A solubilidade e a disponibilidade de Cu, Ni e Zn dependem da solubilidade dos minerais que compõem os agrominerais.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the solubility of the micronutrients copper, nickel, and zinc, chemically extracted from silicate agrominerals, as alternative sources of potassium for lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and rice (Oryza sativa) cultures, as well as their availability to the plants. The micronutrient contents of five agrominerals (alkaline ultramafic, biotite schist, volcanic breccia, phlogopite schist, and mining by-product from Chapada) were evaluated, after being extracted by the citric acid, hydrochloric acid, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, 3051A, neutral ammonium citrate, and Mehlich-3 methods. The agrominerals, at the doses of 0 (control), 200, 400, and 600 kg ha-1 K, were mixed to soil where lettuce and rice were cultivated. The agrominerals presented a low solubility of Ni, Cu, and Zn, with lower contents in lettuce shoots and rice grains than the corresponding soluble standards in sulfate form. The availability of micronutrients to the plants increased with the use of agrominerals, in comparison with the control. Similarities were observed in micronutrient solubility and availability between the different groups of agrominerals. The solubility and availability of Cu, Ni, and Zn depend on the solubility of the minerals that compose the agrominerals.

Abstract Nowadays, Nexa Resources (ex-Votorantim Metais) operates two zinc mines in Brazil, represented by the Vazante unit in Vazante - MG and the Morro Agudo unit in Paracatu - MG. The present study was carried out at the Vazante unit, where zinc concentrate is produced from a silicate ore called Willemite (Zn2SiO4) through froth flotation processes. The two main objectives of the study were the determination of the maximum zinc recovery that could be obtained in flotation bench tests with specific controlled conditions and the mineral characterization of the tailings generated, using a SEM/EDS (scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy) with MLA (mineral liberation analyzer). The flotation results showed a maximum recovery of 91.91 % with 1.68 % of zinc in the tailings after an eleven-minute flotation. Considering the mean results of all the tests, the maximum zinc recovery obtained was 91.07 % with 1.75 % zinc grade in the tailings. Mineral characterization analysis showed that zinc minerals besides Willemite, such as Gahnite and Franklinite are present in the zinc tailings. In addition, the analysis demonstrated that the Willemite present in the tailings is very fine (80 % < 0.015 mm) and well liberated. With no liberation problems, it was concluded that the main reason responsible for preventing zinc recovery to increase even more along the flotation tests was the presence of the extremely fine Willemite minerals. The test results showed that, to increase zinc recovery, two main processes needed to be considered. The grinding process, that will need to be improved and carefully revised to reduce Willemite fine grain size generation; and the flotation process, regarding bubble formation, reagent addition, resident time and a redesign of flotation machines, aiming to increase the recovery of extremely fine Willemite ore particles.

ABSTRACT Although the physical environment of the Atlantic Forest realm is well known, studies on the soil-landform relationships are fundamental to improve the management of soil resources to facilitate sustainable development. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a representative topossequence on the “Mares de Morros” landscape of deeply weathered regolith on leucocratic granite rocks and demi-orange convex slopes. The soils varied along the topossequence according to drainage and were classified as Acrudox, Pseudogleysol, and Epiaquent. The clay fraction was composed by kaolinite, in association with gibbsite, goethite, hematite, and traces of vermiculite and hydroxy-Al interlayered vermiculite (HIV). The kaolinite crystallinity index obtained by different methods showed high structural disorder throughout the sequence, indicating that long-term pre-weathering has produced a homogenous regolith with little differences in terms of mineralogy, despite the changes in drainage. On the other hand, micromorphological features showed a complete change from the typical, well-developed microaggregate structure of upland, well-drained soils, to a massive, poorly developed structure downslope, consistent with the morphological description. Changes in microstructure development and micropedological features occurred both vertically and laterally along the topossequence and indicate that mineralogy alone cannot account for the microaggregate structure of kaolinitic Latossolos (Oxisols) well-drained with low Fe contents. Soils from the “Mares de Morros” landscape of the Alegre river basin on leucocratic granitic rocks highlight an inheritance of a deep pre-weathered regolith, showing subtle chemical and mineralogical changes, but marked morphological and physical differences along the topossequence, basically controlled by soil drainage in the past or present.

Abstract Introduction: Despite the high rate of tuberculosis indicators in Brazil, the Federal District shows a low prevalence of the disease. Objective: To analyze the relationship between climatic factors and air quality with tuberculosis in the Brazilian Federal District. Methodology: This was an ecological and descriptive study comparing 3927 new cases of Tuberculosis registered at the Federal District Tuberculosis Control Program with data from the National Institute of Meteorology, Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, Brazilian Agricultural Research Institute, Brasilia Environmental Institute, and the Federal District Planning Company. Results: From 2003 to 2012, there has been a higher incidence of Tuberculosis (27.0%) in male patients in the winter (27.2%). Patients under 15 years of age (28.6%) and older than 64 years (27.1%) were more affected in the fall. For youth and adults (15-64 years), the highest number of cases was reported during winter (44.3%). The disease was prevalent with ultraviolet radiation over 17 MJ/m2 (67.8%; p = <0.001); relative humidity between 31.0% and 69.0% (95.8% of cases; p = <0.00); 12 h of daily sunlight or more (40.6%; p = 0.001); and temperatures between 20 °C and 23 °C (72.4%; p = <0.001). In the city of Taguatinga and surrounding area, pollution levels dropped to 15.2% between 2003 and 2012. Smoke levels decreased to 31.9%. In the Sobradinho region, particulate matter dropped to 13.1% and smoke to 19.3%, coinciding with the reduction of Tuberculosis incidence rates during the same period. Conclusion: The results should guide surveillance actions for Tuberculosis control and elimination and indicate the need to expand observation time to new climate indicators and air quality.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do carbono no solo no funcionamento da paisagem em Latossolos sobre chapadas da bacia hidrográfica do Alto São Bartolomeu, na região do Cerrado do Brasil Central. A concentração de carbono orgânico no solo (COS), os estoques de carbono no solo, e algumas características físicas e químicas do solo foram determinadas a 0-0,20 m de profundidade, em áreas nativas e antrópicas. Os solos de fragmentos de cerrado sentido restrito foram semelhantes física e quimicamente, tendo sido influenciados por Al3+ trocável e concentrações de COS, enquanto as matrizes antrópicas foram influenciadas por densidade do solo, pH, P disponível, e Ca2+ e Mg2+ trocáveis. A estimativa da distribuição espacial do COS para áreas nativas e antrópicas apresentou R2 ajustado de 64,49%, com uso de estoques de carbono, e de 66,50%, com as concentrações de COS das áreas nativas e antrópicas. Estimar a concentração de COS a partir do solo e de feições da paisagem, por meio do uso de geotecnologias aplicadas aos índices de vegetação, é uma ferramenta potencial para avaliar a produtividade dos agroecossistemas, além de contribuir para estratégias de gestão mais adequadas em grandes escalas.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of soil carbon on landscape functioning of the Oxisols covering the plateaus of the Alto São Bartolomeu watershed, in the Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) region of Central Brazil. Soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration, carbon stocks, and some soil physical and chemical characteristics were determined at the 0-0.20-m depth on native and anthropogenic areas. Soils from cerrado stricto sensu patches were similar both physically and chemically, being affected by exchangeable Al3+ and by SOC concentrations, while anthropogenic matrices were affected by soil bulk density, pH, extractable P, and exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+. The estimate of spatial distribution of soil carbon better fitted had an adjusted R2 of 64.49% using soil C stock and 66.50% using SOC concentration from native and anthropic areas. Estimating SOC concentration from soil and landscape types, using geotechnologies to analyze vegetation indices, is a potential tool to evaluate the productivity of different agroecosystems, besides contributing to make management strategies more suitable on large scales.

O Cerrado é formado por um mosaico de fisionomias campestres, savânicas e florestais que possuem um típico ciclo fenológico. Nesse contexto, os dados do MODIS fornecem medidas diárias que permitem monitorar a sazonal fenologia da vegetação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar formações savânicas, formações florestais e áreas de cerrado convertido pela ação antrópica, utilizando séries temporais de NDVI e EVI do sensor MODIS, após a suavização de ruídos. A metodologia adotada pode ser subdividida nos seguintes passos: (a) confecção do cubo temporal com NDVI e EVI, onde o perfil em z corresponde à assinatura temporal, (b) tratamento do ruído e (c) detecção das assinaturas temporais. A Transformação pela Fração Mínima de Ruído (MNF) foi aplicada para suavizar ruídos contidos nas séries temporais. Os resultados indicaram que os valores de NDVI foram maiores que os valores de EVI e existiu relação com as estações do ano. As formações florestais foram as que apresentaram maiores valores de NDVI e EVI, possuindo ainda as menores variações entre as estações. As áreas convertidas apresentaram os menores valores dos dois índices, tendo grande queda em seus valores no início da estação seca, provavelmente por se tratar do período de colheita. O estudo concluiu que as séries temporais NDVI e EVI são úteis na diferenciação dos tipos de vegetação.

Cerrado is formed by a mosaic of grassland, shrubland and woodland physiognomies with a typical phenological cycle. Thus, MODIS data provide daily measurements which allows to monitor the seasonal phenology of the vegetation. The objective of this work was to characterize savanna formations, forest formations and cerrado areas converted by anthropic actions, by using temporal series of MODIS NDVI and EVI after noise reduction. The adopted methodology should be divided into the following steps: (a) elaboration of the temporal cube with NDVI and EVI, in which the z profile corresponds to temporal signature, (b) noise elimination, (c) detection of temporal signature. The Minimum Noise Fraction Transformation (MNF) method was applied to reduce noise in temporal signature. The results showed that the NDVI values were higher than the EVI; and there was a relationship with the seasons of the year. The forest formations presented the highest values of NDVI and EVI, showing the lowest variations among the seasons. The converted areas of Cerrado presented the lowest values in both indices, and their values decreased in the beginning of the dry season, probably because it was the harvesting season. The study concluded that the NDVI and EVI temporal series are useful in differentiation among vegetation types.